The state of progress and associated challenges in the global deployment of small modular reactors

Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) represent an innovative class of reactors with the advantages demonstrated through the reliable history of the current fleet coupled with a unique operational paradigm that may facilitate their deployment. This paradigm refers to new markets: nuclear hybrid energy systems; baseload generation to back intermittent renewable sources or process heat applications; decentralised electricity grid generation, where electricity demand may not support large reactors or the water supply is limited; and construction of single modules at a time, allowing new investors to enter the market with lower investments risks. With the increase in wind and solar generation worldwide, the inherent electricity grid and market fluctuations must be addressed. SMRs offer one potential solution; however, the social, political, and economic challenges must be overcome in regions where nuclear power is already prevalent. Other obstacles exist in new nuclear markets, including the development of a regulatory body and supply chain.