Stack developments in a kW class all vanadium mixed acid redox flow battery at the pacific northwest national laboratory

Over the past several years, efforts have been focused on improving the performance of kW class all vanadium mixed acid redox flow battery stacks with increasing current density. The influence of the Nafion membrane resistance, an interdigitated design to reduce the pressure drop in the electrolyte circuit, the temperature of the electrolyte, and the electrode structure will be discussed and correlated to the electrical performance. Improvements to the stack energy efficiency and how those improvements translate to the overall system efficiency will also be discussed.