TY - JOUR
T1 - Recycling rare earths
T2 - Perspectives and recent advances
AU - Fujita, Yoshiko
AU - McCall, Scott K.
AU - Ginosar, Daniel
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank D. Combs (INL) for preparing the graphical abstract and multiple CMI colleagues for their helpful inputs to this article. This research was sponsored by the Critical Materials Institute, an Energy Innovation Hub funded by the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy and Advanced Manufacturing Office, which supports early-stage research to advance innovation in US manufacturing and promote American economic growth and energy security. Work was performed at INL and LLNL under Contract Nos. DE-AC07-05ID14517 and DE-AC52-07NA27344, respectively.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022, This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply.
PY - 2022/4/21
Y1 - 2022/4/21
N2 - Rare-earth element (REE) demand is expected to increase by a factor of up to 7 by 2040. Recycling avoids the significant hurdles associated with opening new mines, but collection and disassembly of REE-containing devices are barriers. Absolute and relative abundances of REEs and co-occurring constituents differ significantly in secondary compared to primary sources, presenting challenges and opportunities. REE concentrations are typically low, but manufactured devices include only the desired REE, avoiding the “REE balance problem” that besets natural ores. Fewer REEs need to be separated, as compared to separation of the entire lanthanide series. Co-recovery of precious (e.g., Au, Ag, Pt) or base metals (e.g., Cu, Sn, Zn) from e-wastes can offset recycling costs. Some examples of recently developed approaches for REE extraction and separation are presented here, with an emphasis on methods offering environmental benefits such as lower toxic chemical usage and reduced energy costs. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
AB - Rare-earth element (REE) demand is expected to increase by a factor of up to 7 by 2040. Recycling avoids the significant hurdles associated with opening new mines, but collection and disassembly of REE-containing devices are barriers. Absolute and relative abundances of REEs and co-occurring constituents differ significantly in secondary compared to primary sources, presenting challenges and opportunities. REE concentrations are typically low, but manufactured devices include only the desired REE, avoiding the “REE balance problem” that besets natural ores. Fewer REEs need to be separated, as compared to separation of the entire lanthanide series. Co-recovery of precious (e.g., Au, Ag, Pt) or base metals (e.g., Cu, Sn, Zn) from e-wastes can offset recycling costs. Some examples of recently developed approaches for REE extraction and separation are presented here, with an emphasis on methods offering environmental benefits such as lower toxic chemical usage and reduced energy costs. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
KW - Circular economy
KW - Rare earths
KW - Recycling
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85128674659
UR - https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/b5d2113f-2c1a-3083-915c-e1c98acaa4d7/
U2 - 10.1557/s43577-022-00301-w
DO - 10.1557/s43577-022-00301-w
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85128674659
SN - 0883-7694
VL - 47
SP - 283
EP - 288
JO - MRS Bulletin
JF - MRS Bulletin
IS - 3
ER -