@article{e3857ef346dd4ee2ad589e4532318556,
title = "Operational Resilience of Nuclear-Renewable Integrated-Energy Microgrids",
abstract = "The increasing prevalence and severity of wildfires, severe storms, and cyberattacks is driving the introduction of numerous microgrids to improve resilience locally. While distributed energy resources (DERs), such as small-scale wind and solar photovoltaics with storage, will be major components in future microgrids, today, the majority of microgrids are backed up with fossil-fuel-based generators. Small modular reactors (SMRs) can form synergistic mix with DERs due to their ability to provide baseload and flexible power. The heat produced by SMRs can also fulfill the heating needs of microgrid consumers. This paper discusses an operational scheme based on distributed control of flexible power assets to strengthen the operational resilience of SMR-DER integrated-energy microgrids. A framework is developed to assess the operational resilience of SMR-DER microgrids in terms of system adaptive real-power capacity quantified as a response area metric (RAM). Month-long simulation results are shown with a microgrid developed in a modified Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)-30 bus system. The RAM values calculated along the operational simulation reflect the system resilience in real time and can be used to supervise the microgrid operation and reactor{\textquoteright}s autonomous control.",
keywords = "Cogeneration, Distributed energy resources, Flexible operation, Frequency control, Integrated-energy systems, Load following, Operational resilience, Small modular reactors",
author = "Bikash Poudel and Linyu Lin and Tyler Phillips and Shannon Eggers and Vivek Agarwal and Timothy McJunkin",
note = "Funding Information: The concept of resilience was first introduced by C.S. Holling in 1973 as a measure of a system{\textquoteright}s ability to absorb disturbances while maintaining unaltered relationships between its components and parameters [23]. Over the years, resilience has been adopted by different domains where it had numerous interpretations and evolutions. Conceptualizing the quantification of disaster resistance against extreme events, multidisciplinary research sponsored by the National Science Foundation utilized the resilience triangle to reflect the loss of functionality after an event and subsequent recovery and restoration [24]. The R4 framework describing robustness, redundancy, resourcefulness, and rapidity of the system against disturbances was introduced to describe system resilience. Cimellaro et al. adopted the resilience triangle to quantify the disaster resilience of hospital buildings [25]. Ouyang et al. extended the resilience triangle into a multi-stage framework by including one additional damage propagation stage between the inception of the event and the start of the recovery [26,27]. The framework was implemented to analyze the extreme event resilience of urban infrastructure systems in [26] and power systems in [27]. Funding Information: Funding: This work was supported through the INL Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program under DOE Idaho Operations Office Contract DE-AC07-05ID14517. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.",
year = "2022",
month = feb,
day = "1",
doi = "10.3390/en15030789",
language = "English",
volume = "15",
journal = "Energies",
issn = "1996-1073",
publisher = "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)",
number = "3",
}