GROWTH RATES OF ICE.

When designing civil engineering works for cold regions, ice can serve as a deterrent to construction and operational activities when forces exerted by ice become the predominant factor in design; or an aid when used as a construction or structural material in roads, bridges, work pads, etc. A review is presented of the present state-of-the-art engineering design equations that can be used to predict the rate of growth of ice. Relationships are given for plane geometries such as lakes and ponds and cylinderical geometries such pipes and tanks. The effects of snow covers or insulation on freezing times are included in the predictive relationships. Example problems are presented to demonstrate the use of the equations.