TY - JOUR
T1 - Driving to the future of energy storage
T2 - Techno-economic analysis of a novel method to recondition second life electric vehicle batteries
AU - Horesh, Noah
AU - Quinn, Casey
AU - Wang, Hongjie
AU - Zane, Regan
AU - Ferry, Mike
AU - Tong, Shijie
AU - Quinn, Jason C.
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors are grateful for financial support from the Department of Energy (DOE) Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) award # DE-AR0001045. Additionally, the authors acknowledge support from Mansour Aalipour, Manasa Muralidharan, and Danna Quinn.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021
PY - 2021/8/1
Y1 - 2021/8/1
N2 - The transportation sector is trending towards electrification which means a dramatic change to the availability of used Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries which can be reused for grid energy storage systems (ESS). However, second life battery modules can have an imbalanced state of health (SOH) between cells which can reduce battery safety, life, and depth of discharge. This work evaluates the economics of a novel Heterogeneous Unifying Battery (HUB) reconditioning system that cycles battery modules to unify cells’ SOH to improve their second life battery performance. The HUB reconditioning cycles can be performed in one of two ways: recondition with grid services or recondition through energy shuffle. The results from this work demonstrate that a simple repurposing process will likely have a lower second life resale price (56 $/kWh) than the HUB system (62 $/kWh) in our baseline scenario; however, in our target scenario the HUB system (34 $/kWh) has a lower resale price than the repurposing system (38 $/kWh). This work also includes an economic analysis for using reconditioned batteries in a grid ESS that was compared to an ESS that is assembled with new Li-ion batteries. Results show that HUB reconditioned ESS require less grid revenue (194 $/kW-year) than new Li-ion ESS (253 $/kW-year). Finally, the HUB reconditioned ESS is shown to be economically feasible in 63% of frequency regulation, 18% of transmission congestion relief, and 16% of demand charge reduction markets but not economically feasible in spin/non-spin reserve, voltage support, and energy arbitrage markets.
AB - The transportation sector is trending towards electrification which means a dramatic change to the availability of used Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries which can be reused for grid energy storage systems (ESS). However, second life battery modules can have an imbalanced state of health (SOH) between cells which can reduce battery safety, life, and depth of discharge. This work evaluates the economics of a novel Heterogeneous Unifying Battery (HUB) reconditioning system that cycles battery modules to unify cells’ SOH to improve their second life battery performance. The HUB reconditioning cycles can be performed in one of two ways: recondition with grid services or recondition through energy shuffle. The results from this work demonstrate that a simple repurposing process will likely have a lower second life resale price (56 $/kWh) than the HUB system (62 $/kWh) in our baseline scenario; however, in our target scenario the HUB system (34 $/kWh) has a lower resale price than the repurposing system (38 $/kWh). This work also includes an economic analysis for using reconditioned batteries in a grid ESS that was compared to an ESS that is assembled with new Li-ion batteries. Results show that HUB reconditioned ESS require less grid revenue (194 $/kW-year) than new Li-ion ESS (253 $/kW-year). Finally, the HUB reconditioned ESS is shown to be economically feasible in 63% of frequency regulation, 18% of transmission congestion relief, and 16% of demand charge reduction markets but not economically feasible in spin/non-spin reserve, voltage support, and energy arbitrage markets.
KW - Battery recondition
KW - Energy storage
KW - EV second life batteries
KW - Heterogenous unifying battery
KW - Lithium-ion
KW - Techno-economic analysis
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85105847472&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/84f39fdf-b502-302b-beda-7e0165d4394e/
U2 - 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117007
DO - 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117007
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85105847472
SN - 0306-2619
VL - 295
JO - Applied Energy
JF - Applied Energy
M1 - 117007
ER -