Conformal electrochemical deposition of intermetallic AuCu thin films for convergent C-N coupling

Intermetallic AuCu alloy thin films were grown electrochemically onto Ti foil substrates and exhibited enhanced selectivity and activity for electrochemical C-N coupling to form urea (CO(NH₂)₂) compared to their parent metals. Varying the Au and Cu stoichiometry provided a synthetic handle to tune the film electronics (i.e., d-band position, oxophilicity) while maintaining overall film stability. The AuCu alloy with the highest Au loading of 75% proved to be the most electrochemically stable and possessed the highest selectivity (∼68%) for urea formation. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) revealed that the Cu in alloys with more Au content maintained a higher oxidation state (in the form of Cu-O) under electrochemically relevant conditions. This observation suggests enhanced anion (NO₃⁻/NO₂⁻) adsorption and retention at the surface. This work highlights the utility of using intermetallic alloys to enable complex electrochemical coupling reactions by finely tuning material properties.