Characterization of Kanthal APMT and T91 oxidation at beyond design-basis accident temperatures

Limited information is available on the oxidation mechanism of accident tolerant claddings (ATC) Kanthal APMT and T91 at the onset of beyond design-basis accident (BDBA) conditions. We characterized the surface of these ATC alloys after steam and air exposure at 1200 °C for 2 h, defining the oxidation mechanism. Thickness and composition were analyzed with microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and synchrotron diffraction. Our results demonstrate that APMT forms a compact and homogeneous α-Al₂O₃ layer when exposed to air or steam. T91 forms a heterogeneous porous layer, containing a mixture of Cr- and Fe-based oxides, whose composition changes with the exposure environment.