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A game of inches: Spontaneous use of counterfactuals by broadcasters during major league baseball playoffs

  • Lawrence J. Sanna
  • , Craig D. Parks
  • , Susanne Meier
  • , Edward C. Chang
  • , Briana R. Kassin
  • , Joshua L. Lechter
  • , Kandi Jo Turley-Ames
  • , Tina M. Miyake

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

7 Scopus citations

Abstract

We tested whether counterfactuals are made spontaneously outside of the laboratory by coding sportscasters' online verbalizations during 1998 and 1999 Major League Baseball (MLB) playoff broadcasts, and we assessed whether naturally occurring game features relating to closeness (score closeness, series closeness, game end, and playoff end) delineated some conditions under which counterfactuals were more likely. Sportscasters made counterfactuals quite frequently during these MLB playoff games. In addition, sportscasters uttered greater numbers of counterfactuals as games progressed from early to late innings, which was particularly true when scores were close. Counterfactuals were also uttered in greater numbers with closer scores when series were tied than when one team had a lead. Results are discussed in terms of spontaneous counterfactuals, closeness as an antecedent, and the ecological validity of such thoughts.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)455-475
Number of pages21
JournalJournal of Applied Social Psychology
Volume33
Issue number3
DOIs
StatePublished - Mar 2003

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