A cooperative game theory-based approach to compute participation factors of distributed slack buses

The conventional power flow analysis utilizes a single slack, reference, or swing bus. The use of similar formulation when performing power flow analysis may not necessarily result in minimum cost of generation and minimum power loss. Distributed slack buses, which are used to distribute the slack power (power mismatch) among different voltage controlled buses, can solve such a problem and reduce the cost of generation and power loss. This paper proposes a co-operative game theory-based approach to calculate active power participation factors to distribute slack active power among different participating generators. In the first stage, the worth (or value) of individual participating generators and their coalitions are computed. In the second stage, the Shapley value, one of the solution concepts of cooperative game theory, is used to calculate the participation factors of individual participating generators. Case studies on IEEE 14- and 30-bus systems show that the cost of generation and power loss are reduced and voltage profile is improved in case of systems with distributed slack buses compared to that with a single slack bus.